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CAPE CANAVERAL - NASA must make difficult and controversial changes - such as turning its Apollo-era field centers into innovative research hubs - if the nation is to send humans back to the moon and on to Mars, a presidential commission said Wednesday.
The commission issued 14 recommendations for achieving the goals outlined by President Bush in January, and stressed that adopting all of them will increase the chances of success.
"This report is not a no-confidence vote in NASA," said commission chairman Edward "Pete" Aldridge, a retired Defense Department official. "But this is something that says, "Hey, we really think you need to do something different now that you've got this new direction that we think is wonderful.' And it's something we hadn't had for 30 years."
Aldridge said reaction to the 60-page report from the White House was positive. And NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe called the recommendations "quite remarkable." He urged employees to give the recommendations as much thought and consideration as the commission did.
The Moon-Mars Commission spent the past four months conducting hearings around the country and reviewing thousands of ideas from experts, educators and space enthusiasts.
In the end, the group settled on eight findings and 14 recommendations on how best to implement the president's vision of landing astronauts on the moon by 2020 and getting them to Mars a decade or two later.
Among them: NASA should give a larger share of its launch work to industry. And it should transform its field centers into federally funded research and development centers, like the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
The nine field centers - still stuck in the 1960s Apollo era with an aging work force, old buildings and "ossified" practices, and often duplicating one another's efforts - "are not optimally configured to carry out the nation's space exploration vision," the commission said.
Aldridge said the exploration plan will boost the U.S. economy and competitiveness by creating good technical jobs, improve national security through the advanced technology that results, ensure America's leadership in the world, and inspire youngsters and teachers.
The commission defended the "pay-as-you-go approach" adopted by NASA and said it is not essential - and not even possible - to calculate the full cost of the program.
"How much is the cure for cancer going to cost? I don't know that either, but I know what I can afford on an annual basis to try to get there and this is the same model we're using for the space program," Aldridge said.
Aldridge noted, however, that NASA needs to work harder at spreading the message.
"NASA does not do a very good job of selling the program to the American people," he said. The "U.S. Air Force now has a stock car with "Air Force' painted on it. Where's the NASA stock car?"